基因叔叔：科普、期刊導讀(Uncle Gene)

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Albert Coons conceptualized and first implemented the procedure in 1941.[2] Immunohistochemical staining is widely used in the diagnosis of abnormal cells such as those found in cancerous tumors. Specific molecular markers are characteristic of particular cellular events such as proliferation or cell death (apoptosis).[3] Immunohistochemistry is also widely used in basic research to understand the distribution and localization of biomarkers and differentially expressed proteins in different parts of a biological tissue. Visualising an antibody-antigen interaction can be accomplished in a number of ways. In the most common instance, an antibody is conjugated to an enzyme, such as peroxidase, that can catalyse a colour-producing reaction (see immunoperoxidase staining).[4] Alternatively, the antibody can also be tagged to a fluorophore, such as fluorescein or rhodamine (see immunofluorescence). Digital polymerase chain reaction (digital PCR, DigitalPCR, dPCR, or dePCR) is a biotechnological refinement of conventional polymerase chain reaction methods that can be used to directly quantify and clonally amplify nucleic acids strands including DNA, cDNA or RNA. The key difference between dPCR and traditional PCR lies in the method of measuring nucleic acids amounts, with the former being a more precise method than PCR, though also more prone to error in the hands of inexperienced users.[1]:217 A “digital” measurement quantitatively and discretely measures a certain variable, whereas an “analog” measurement extrapolates certain measurements based on measured patterns. PCR carries out one reaction per single sample. dPCR also carries out a single reaction within a sample, however the sample is separated into a large number of partitions and the reaction is carried out in each partition individually. This separation allows a more reliable collection and sensitive measurement of nucleic acid amounts. The method has been demonstrated as useful for studying variations in gene sequences — such as copy number variants and point mutations — and it is routinely used for clonal[disambiguation needed] amplification of samples for next-generation sequencing. ihc ihca ihc protocol ihc原理 ihc4 ihc 染色 ihc染色原理 ihc 步驟 ihc staining ihc-p ihc protocol ihc stain ihc 染色 ihc 步驟 ihc staining ihc 中文 ihc world ihc score ihc twc ihc blocking ddpcr ddpcr原理 ddpcr supermix ddpcr bio rad ddpcr protocol ddpcr ngs ddpcr multiplex ddpcr ppt ddpcr supermix for probes (no dutp) ddpcr hiv ddpcr 原理 ddpcr supermix ddpcr bio rad ddpcr protocol ddpcr ngs ddpcr multiplex ddpcr ppt ddpcr supermix for probes (no dutp) ddpcr hiv ddpcr multiplexing ngs ngsff ng sdh ngstyle ngse ngsl ngs 初始化錯誤 ngsp ngspice ng switch ngs 原理 ngs 初始化錯誤 ngs hacking detected ngs illumina ngs airport ngs data analysis ngs data ngs wiki ngs 分析 ngs 應用 general genesis generic general 中文 generation geneva generous 中文 generator generous generate gene 中文 gene ontology gene therapy gene kelly gene simmons gene expression gene hackman gene card gene expression 中文 gene wilder krasnodar kras krasnoyarsk kras mutation kras巧克力 krasnoyarsk 中文 krashen kraso kras基因 krasny krym kras mutation kras 巧克力 kras 基因 kras wild type kras g12d kras mutation中文 kras nras kras lung cancer kras chocolate kras pathway egfr egfr calculator egfr計算 egfr mutation egfr 中文 egfr公式 egfr是什麼 egfr過低 egfr檢驗值 gfr正常值 egfr calculator egfr mutation egfr 中文 egfr 公式 egfr 計算 egfr tki egfr 肺癌 egfr inhibitor egfr cancer gfr 正常值 p53 p53 pathway p530 p53 apoptosis p53 p21 p53 mdm2 p53 mutation p53 antibody p53 cancer p53 protein p53 gene p53 pathway p53 apoptosis p53 p21 p53 mdm2 p53 mutation p53 antibody p53 cancer p53 protein p53 cell cycle 抗體抗體抗原抗體英文抗體結構抗體是什麼抗體藥物抗體力價抗體成分抗體製造抗體篩檢抗體抗原抗體英文抗體成分抗體蛋白質抗體 fc 抗體結構抗體受體抗體日文抗體輕鏈抗體陽性 santa cruz santa cruz 景點 santa cruz bike santa cruz 滑板 santa cruz 台灣 santa cruz nomad santa cruz bolivia santa cruz beach boardwalk santa cruz weather santa cruz skateboard santa cruz 景點 santa cruz biotechnology santa cruz bike santa cruz 滑板 santa cruz 台灣 santa cruz nomad santa cruz beach boardwalk santa cruz bolivia santa cruz weather santa cruz de tenerife cancer cancer 中文 cancer fund cancer research cancer cell cancer 星座 cancer council cancer research impact factor cancer ptt cancer council 防曬 cancer 中文 cancer fund cancer research cancer cell cancer 星座 cancer council cancer research impact factor cancer ptt cancer council 防曬 cancer letters 期刊期刊英文期刊縮寫期刊排名期刊下載期刊查詢期刊排名查詢期刊點數期刊格式期刊投稿期刊英文期刊點數期刊格式期刊論文期刊縮寫期刊 impact factor 期刊查詢期刊下載期刊排名期刊論文差別

部落格全站分類：醫療保健

Apr 27 Thu 2017 20:27
認識白血病 (Leukemia)-- 急性骨髓性白血病(Acute myeloid leukemia, AML)

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白血病為血液或骨髓中未成熟血球細胞大量增生，進而影響正常血球的生理功能，可能導致貧血及免疫力下降而造成細菌或病毒感染。

目前依據血球型態和來源以及病程的進展快慢可被分為主要四大類

血癌分類.png

圖A.血癌-基本分類

急性骨髓性白血病(AML)在白血病為發生率中高居第二高，但其死亡率最高和五年存活率最低。

AML依據細胞型態和分化程度可分成八大類(M0-M7)，其中M4又細分出M4eo，M5 又可分M5a和M5b。

AML分類.png

圖B.AML分類

AML疾病發生的原因，常見的有染色體的異常，如：基因轉位、缺失及突變等。

AML-基因突變.png

圖C. AML-基因轉位、缺失及突變

上述列出來的部分

是在AML這種寫較常見的基因突變或轉位~

其中~

DNMT3A基因突變，可做為評估患者癒後的指標 ((相關的研究文獻~會在其他文章做討論!!

而目前臨床上治療AML有以下方式:

誘發細胞分化→會導致有強烈的副作用，如：持續發燒及腎哀竭等
化學治療(Chemotherapy)→抑制體內的血癌細胞少於5 %，以延緩血癌繼續惡化
支持性治療(Supportive treatments)→因使用化學治療藥物造成紅血球、白血球及血小板減少，
因此會藉由輸血方式補充紅血球與血小板及使用抗生素，以維持正常的生理功能及避免細菌及病毒等感染
幹細胞移植(Stem cell transplantation): 目前最佳治療白血病的方式，其方式有自體骨髓移植及異體骨髓移植，第二種異體骨髓移植占多數

目前治療AML的化學治療藥物種類非常多(如：Daunorubicin、Doxorubicin及Cyclophosphamide等~

大多數的藥物有效抑制AML效果但使用劑量偏高且有強烈副作用~

前面也說到AML的發生率及死亡率都是最高的~~

主要原因是!!

AML患者號發於老年人~平均確診的年齡為65歲以上!!

而且現在每個國家，普遍都有人口老化的問題

所以相對的AML發生率就會逐年增加

又因為老人家的體力跟耐受性下降~~無法承受化療藥物的毒性

所以死亡率通常很高!!

這就是為什麼AML這麼難治療的原因!!

其他關於血癌相關文章：
1.究竟白血病是怎麼故弄玄虛，就讓我們看下去........

參考資料:

https://www.cancer.gov/types/leukemia
Estey E and Döhner H. Acute myeloid leukaemia. The Lancet 368: 1894-1907. 2006.
Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program, http://seer.cancer.gov. 2009.
Bennett JM, Catovsky D, Daniel MT, et al. Proposals for the classification of the acute leukaemias. French-American-British (FAB) co-operative group. Br J Haematol 33: 451-8. 1976.
Vardiman JW, Harris NL, and Brunning RD. The World Health Organization (WHO) classification of the myeloid neoplasms. Blood 100: 2292-302. 2002.

白血病 Leukemia 急性骨髓性白血病 Acute myeloid leukemia AML Gene Mutation 突變基因化學治療 DNMT3A ASXL1 RAS NRAS KRAS Chemotherapy 骨髓移植 IDH2 IDH1 血癌

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全站分類：醫療保健
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此分類上一篇：我的老天鵝！是傳說中的白血病Leukemia~~
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