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Albert Coons conceptualized and first implemented the procedure in 1941.[2] Immunohistochemical staining is widely used in the diagnosis of abnormal cells such as those found in cancerous tumors. Specific molecular markers are characteristic of particular cellular events such as proliferation or cell death (apoptosis).[3] Immunohistochemistry is also widely used in basic research to understand the distribution and localization of biomarkers and differentially expressed proteins in different parts of a biological tissue. Visualising an antibody-antigen interaction can be accomplished in a number of ways. In the most common instance, an antibody is conjugated to an enzyme, such as peroxidase, that can catalyse a colour-producing reaction (see immunoperoxidase staining).[4] Alternatively, the antibody can also be tagged to a fluorophore, such as fluorescein or rhodamine (see immunofluorescence). Digital polymerase chain reaction (digital PCR, DigitalPCR, dPCR, or dePCR) is a biotechnological refinement of conventional polymerase chain reaction methods that can be used to directly quantify and clonally amplify nucleic acids strands including DNA, cDNA or RNA. The key difference between dPCR and traditional PCR lies in the method of measuring nucleic acids amounts, with the former being a more precise method than PCR, though also more prone to error in the hands of inexperienced users.[1]:217 A “digital” measurement quantitatively and discretely measures a certain variable, whereas an “analog” measurement extrapolates certain measurements based on measured patterns. PCR carries out one reaction per single sample. dPCR also carries out a single reaction within a sample, however the sample is separated into a large number of partitions and the reaction is carried out in each partition individually. This separation allows a more reliable collection and sensitive measurement of nucleic acid amounts. The method has been demonstrated as useful for studying variations in gene sequences — such as copy number variants and point mutations — and it is routinely used for clonal[disambiguation needed] amplification of samples for next-generation sequencing. ihc ihca ihc protocol ihc原理 ihc4 ihc 染色 ihc染色原理 ihc 步驟 ihc staining ihc-p ihc protocol ihc stain ihc 染色 ihc 步驟 ihc staining ihc 中文 ihc world ihc score ihc twc ihc blocking ddpcr ddpcr原理 ddpcr supermix ddpcr bio rad ddpcr protocol ddpcr ngs ddpcr multiplex ddpcr ppt ddpcr supermix for probes (no dutp) ddpcr hiv ddpcr 原理 ddpcr supermix ddpcr bio rad ddpcr protocol ddpcr ngs ddpcr multiplex ddpcr ppt ddpcr supermix for probes (no dutp) ddpcr hiv ddpcr multiplexing ngs ngsff ng sdh ngstyle ngse ngsl ngs 初始化錯誤 ngsp ngspice ng switch ngs 原理 ngs 初始化錯誤 ngs hacking detected ngs illumina ngs airport ngs data analysis ngs data ngs wiki ngs 分析 ngs 應用 general genesis generic general 中文 generation geneva generous 中文 generator generous generate gene 中文 gene ontology gene therapy gene kelly gene simmons gene expression gene hackman gene card gene expression 中文 gene wilder krasnodar kras krasnoyarsk kras mutation kras巧克力 krasnoyarsk 中文 krashen kraso kras基因 krasny krym kras mutation kras 巧克力 kras 基因 kras wild type kras g12d kras mutation中文 kras nras kras lung cancer kras chocolate kras pathway egfr egfr calculator egfr計算 egfr mutation egfr 中文 egfr公式 egfr是什麼 egfr過低 egfr檢驗值 gfr正常值 egfr calculator egfr mutation egfr 中文 egfr 公式 egfr 計算 egfr tki egfr 肺癌 egfr inhibitor egfr cancer gfr 正常值 p53 p53 pathway p530 p53 apoptosis p53 p21 p53 mdm2 p53 mutation p53 antibody p53 cancer p53 protein p53 gene p53 pathway p53 apoptosis p53 p21 p53 mdm2 p53 mutation p53 antibody p53 cancer p53 protein p53 cell cycle 抗體抗體抗原抗體英文抗體結構抗體是什麼抗體藥物抗體力價抗體成分抗體製造抗體篩檢抗體抗原抗體英文抗體成分抗體蛋白質抗體 fc 抗體結構抗體受體抗體日文抗體輕鏈抗體陽性 santa cruz santa cruz 景點 santa cruz bike santa cruz 滑板 santa cruz 台灣 santa cruz nomad santa cruz bolivia santa cruz beach boardwalk santa cruz weather santa cruz skateboard santa cruz 景點 santa cruz biotechnology santa cruz bike santa cruz 滑板 santa cruz 台灣 santa cruz nomad santa cruz beach boardwalk santa cruz bolivia santa cruz weather santa cruz de tenerife cancer cancer 中文 cancer fund cancer research cancer cell cancer 星座 cancer council cancer research impact factor cancer ptt cancer council 防曬 cancer 中文 cancer fund cancer research cancer cell cancer 星座 cancer council cancer research impact factor cancer ptt cancer council 防曬 cancer letters 期刊期刊英文期刊縮寫期刊排名期刊下載期刊查詢期刊排名查詢期刊點數期刊格式期刊投稿期刊英文期刊點數期刊格式期刊論文期刊縮寫期刊 impact factor 期刊查詢期刊下載期刊排名期刊論文差別

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Mar 17 Fri 2017 09:22
什麼是PCR? 聚合酶鏈鎖反應?

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什麼是PCR(Polymerase chain reaction, 聚合酶鏈鎖反應)呢?簡單來說，就是在試管內將特定DNA片段，以專一性的連鎖反應，快速大量複製的方法。

而進行PCR所需要的材料包含：1. 要複製的DNA模板片段(Template)； 2. 界定複製起始點兩端的引子(Primer)；3. DNA聚合酶(Taq polymerase)；4. 合成的原料(核甘酸ATCG)及緩衝溶液。

圖一、PCR所需要的原料

PCR的主要關鍵步驟包含：
1. DNA變性(Denaturation)，利用高溫使DNA模板變單股；
2. 引子黏合(Annealing)，降低溫度讓引子黏合到模板上；
3.引子延長(Extension)，以適當的溫度讓聚合酶沿模板合成新的一股DNA片段。
而以上為一個循環的過程，因此PCR的產物會以2的對數成長(2ⁿ)，產生成千上萬的產物。

PCR過程的影片： https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iQsu3Kz9NYo

圖二、PCR的過程

目前許多的分生技術都是以PCR為基礎衍伸的技術，如RT-PCR、q-PCR等。而在臨床上，PCR的應用很廣，目前應用如下：

圖片1.jpg

圖三、PCR的應用

所以PCR對人類而言，是一個很重要的技術，能夠應用於臨床檢測、生物科技、分生技術等，在未來或許會有更多應運的科技產生，造福更多的人群。

Adited by A-Kai

參考資料：

1. http://www.baphiq.gov.tw/public/Attachment/84151685371.pdf

PCR 聚合酶鏈鎖反應分生技術檢測 DNA

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